Canadian same sex marriage Litigation Individual Rights Community Strategy Essay

This essay summarises and analysis a literature material in the form of an article namely â€Å"Canadian Same-Sex Marriage Litigation: Individual Rights, Community strategy written by Christine Davies.’ The author Christine Davies is a Student of Law at Sack Goldblatt Mitchell LLP in Toronto. With the assistance and guidance of Professor Lorraine of the University of Toronto in the Faculty of Law, Douglas Elliott and Cynthia Petersen, Christine is able to come up with the article and published it in 2008. This essay addresses the issue of marriage, the legal status and definition of marriage. It goes further clearly to outline the historical overview of the same-sex marriage litigation in Canada also bringing to light further future expected developments on the same (Davies, 2008. P. 32). The relationship or correlation between the law and the social change is quite close, a constitution can be well described as ‘mirror’ reflecting the nation socially and therefo re it needs to protect and recognize the values of the society at large. The constitution is also as a living tree and thus it must grow or evolve in a manner consistent with the evolving social attitudes and policies. The author of the article ‘Canadian same-sex marriage litigation’ seeks to explore the relationship that exists between the law and social change as it is evidenced in the changing judicial, political and also social approaches to the exciting issue of the same-sex marriage in Canada. The article surveys in details the litigation history of same-sex marriage in the common law within the jurisdictions of Canada. Cases involving the same were pursued over a span of thirty years before litigants finally succeeded in the year 2003 (Davies, 2008: P.2). These cases were well chosen, well strategized, coordinated and applied. The most recent cases just before the litigants won involved use of a multi-pronged approach to them utilizing both the common law and the Charter arguments and thus increasing chances of reaching the best possible results. Humanizing the issue and also contextualizing the legal phenomenon by mostly relying on the plaintiff`s feelings and words combined wi th the use of social science evidence put the litigants a notch higher in their struggle. The lessons brought to the surface by this article in terms of a flexible, Outcome-focused strategies and the much emphasis on unearthing the true nature of LGBT identities and nature will be very key in the future cases on LGBT rights litigation (Davies, 2008. P. 23). The institution of marriage both a social and a legal concept which has mostly been based upon traditionally religious views and opinions based on heterosexuality. With the current changes of certain social values and emergence of groups such as, the LGBT community, over time this concept has been actively debated and has been subject to much controversy and contention. The controversy and contention surrounding this subject originates from the conflict which is evident between long-established traditional or religious beliefs which in turn have helped to shape the country, against the now growing heterogeneous environment which does not conform to these views. The paper presents the deeply rooted tension and controversy regarding the institution of marriage versus the equality rights of the same sex couples or the gay and lesbian couples. This paper goes further to outline the key issues surrounding the recent social changes towards the same-sex marriages and its relationship with equality rights and the social role and function of the institution of marriage. The question of whether legal rules regarding marriage does, in a way, achieve the right balance between equality rights and the social role and function of this institution of marriage (Davies, 2008. P. 10). This contentious and controversial issue is worthy of examination since with time marriage has become a polarizing and complicated entity which in many key ways consequently affects the lives of many people in the country and world at large. The legislative framework and approach to same-sex marriage in Canada addresses the merits and demerits of legalizing same-sex marriage in Canada and also the issue of civil unions for same-sex couples. In addition, the article determines the best option for balancing equality rights while at the same time not compromising the social role and function of the institution of marriage. Several scholarly articles and both past and current jurisprudence, existing legislation, and a few other secondary materials such as, surveys and public opinion polls are used in the analysis of this article. In accordance with the Constitution Act of 1867, the federal government of Canada has exclusive control over â€Å"marriage and divorce,† while the provinces or provincial governments have control over the â€Å"solemnization of marriage† implying that the power to enact laws concerning marriage is within their jurisdiction. Despite the fact, this responsibility concerning marriage was quite clear there was still no proper or distinct legislative document or law that properly defined marriage. The only one piece of legislation that came close to defining it came from an interpretation of a particular clause found in the referred to as Modernization of Benefits and Obligations Act which states that â€Å"For greater certainty, the amendments done by this Act do not affect the interpretation and meaning of the word marriage which is, the lawful union between one man and only one woman to the exclusion of all others.† It was clearly held that â€Å"Marriage is clearly understood throughout time and different cultures as an institution well designed to meet the unique and specific needs, capacities or abilities and circumstances of opposite sex couples and their children and thus regarded as an institution that brings together or unites the two complementary sexes thus providing a supportive and proper environment for the procreation and rearing of successive and future generations† (Davies, 2008. P. 14). The above state of affairs in regard to marriage meant that gay couples seeking to be legally united were propelled to take their claims to the courts of law. Christine Davies article clearly brings out the issue of the legalization of same-sex marriage, first by giving out a well laid out surveyed out litigation of same-sex marriages within the common law jurisdictions of Canada. It has in an exemplary manner assessed the developments and the shifts in the litigation strategies from the trial-level strategies, which were quite multi-prolonged and both utilized common law and Charter arguments narrowing much thinner to emphasis on the violations of Charter rights (Davies, 2008. P. 2). The article clearly outlines to us how the claims or strategies are selected and applied in order to achieve the maximum best possible results. This article is different from the one adopted and advanced by Nicholas Balla in his article, â€Å"Controversy over couples in Canada, the evolution of marriage and together with other adult interdependent relationships in that Balla surveys the evolution of the current debate concerning four types of intimate adult relationships that fall outside the known traditional definition of marriage that is common-law marriage, polygamy, same-sex partnerships, and non-conjugal interdependent relationships while Christine concentrates on the developments in the litigation process (Balla, 2014. Para. 2). The above mentioned articles together with â€Å"Losing the Feminist Voice article by Claire Young and Susan Boyd. All the three articles provide a good platform for proper studying and understanding the relationship between law of any country and the social change with the Christine David`s article amplifying this the more as shown below.The first leading claim or case regarding same-sex m arriage was: North v Matheson also referred to as First Wave                      In this case or claim, it was expected that the courts could rely on the judgments arising from Hyde v. Hyde & Woodmansee that happened in 1866 to arrive at the conclusion that, for the known Christian religious reasons, any union between two gay men is obviously unlawful and that marriage is an exclusive legal union between one man and one woman (Davies, 2008. P. 9). Corbett v Corbett also referred to as second wave                      The second leading claim which, in a way, added on to the common law was in regard to the definition of marriage as was with clarity established in North v Matheson. The case of Corbett was a case that brought a challenged in regard to the issues around the marriage of a transgender individual (Davies, 2008. P. 11). In this case, the judge had a conclusion that when it comes to defining marriage the issue of building a family is a very essential component and, therefore, natural heterosexual intercourse is of importance and a key requirement in regard to the institution of marriage. Layland v Ontario also referred to as the third wave                      The third case regarding same-sex marriage was that of Layland v Ontario and the argument was against the common law definition of marriage. The argument or claim was successfully acknowledged accepted by at least one judge out of three which was a very timely achievement for those in support of same-sex marriage (Davies, 2008. P. 2). In Layland v Ontario case although the majority judgment still alluded to and supported the decisions made in North and Corbett, the dissenting opinion had a conclusion that the current jurisprudence regarding same-sex marriage is outdated or rather not fashionable in regard to the changing social values, and, therefore, as judges of the common law it is their prime duty to expand the definition of marriage so that it can meet the society`s changing and expanding needs or so as to reflect and mirror the values of the society and what is taking place by that time in the society. In addition to the case above there was also a dissenting assertion as a direct resultant of the enactment of the Charter of Human Rights and freedoms. This made a change thus to be a necessity so as to conform to the Charters of Rights and Freedoms demands and requirements and that pursuant to s.15 of the Charter. The common law`s definition of marriage was, therefore, insufficient, unreasonably and unequal or discriminatory in its treatment towards gay and lesbian couples. Halpern v Canada also known as the fourth wave                      The fourth case was known as Halpern v Canada which brought about the current approach towards same-sex marriage in Canada and thus bringing to a halt the debate to whether gay and lesbian couples were allowed to unite legally or to marry. The verdict or decision from this fourth case concluded that the current common law in the place definition of marriage was to a great extent unconstitutional given the fact that it violated an individual’s inalienable fundamental right to equal treatment without discrimination. As a result of this realization or decision, the federal government thus proposed a bill to that effect to the Supreme Court of Canada. The bill, Bill C- 38, became the center of the debate and thorough discussion for the case referencing to or in regard to Same-Sex Marriage (Davies, 2008. P. 15). The verdict or ruling in that decision led or prompted the federal government to come up with a new piece of legislation referred to as t he Civil Marriage Act. This Act is the current legislative authority governing the institution of marriage in Canada. This act broadens or expands the definition of marriage to also include gay and lesbian couples by stating that â€Å"Marriage, for civil reasons, is the lawful union of only two persons to the or thus exclusion of all others.† This removed the part that the union had to be between one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others. Given the fact that the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act, and the social developments and changes which fostered the considerations of the advantages, as well as the demerits in which this act brought about or created is worth highlighting and noting. As was elaborated by the Law Commission of Canada, who support same sex marriage, it felt that an individual right to marry is a fundamental inalienable personal choice in which each Canadian citizen should enjoy and thus denying them their rightful access to be allowed to marry was an outright rejection in recognizing their personhood as human beings and of their personal aspirations. This argument that was greatly advanced by same-sex marriage supporters clearly demonstrated a direct form of human rights and freedoms violation through unequal treatment, which in turn points or allude towards possible consequences in which this outright denial of key rights could lead (Davies, 2008. P. 26). A good example of such a consequence in re gard to continue this unequal treatment is that it could promote or lead to a very strong justifiable critiques towards the very obvious legitimacy of our most sacred law in the Constitution namely the Charter of Rights and Freedoms document, To be more specific the section regarding our very fundamental right to equality. Further in support of those supporting same-sex marriages came the article. Losing the feminist Voice, debates and deliberates on the legal recognition or realization of same sex Partnerships in Canada that argued in support of the same that denying homosexuals and lesbians the right to marry would in turn add more weight and greatly reinforce the ongoing justification behind the existing disadvantages towards the minority groups, and thus create further future justification in the denial of other fundamental rights for these same minority groups. The article goes further on to note that broadening or extending the definition of marriage to solve the contentious issues and do away with the underlying controversy to allow same-sex couples to marry will, in fact, strengthen the institution of marriage and family by bringing down the burden of the state. The most prevalent arguments of all in relation to the demerits of same-sex marriage mostly focused on to a large extent, the perceived presumptions and misconceptions towards the gay and lesbian lifestyles, as well as the resultant effects in which the same will have both directly and indirectly on marriage. The opponents of same-sex marriage further focused on the importance of clearly maintaining the nature of marriage, as well as combating the future risks in which changing the definition of marriage was likely to bring on board. An opponent of same-sex marriage namely Gwen Landolt, strongly believed and held a very strong comment for the gay and lesbian lifestyle, stating with clarity that infidelity, separation and divorce are more prevalent in same-sex unions given that â€Å"their skill compatibilities are different†, and thus they cannot complement one another. Drug use is thus a very serious and recurring matter for such as these individuals. The above comments allude through suggestion that that allowing homosexual couples to unite legally and marry could pose as a threat and an insult on the sacred institution of marriage. In addition to the above claims, Landolt also insisted that marriage should not just be treated as mere social construct and that it will be detrimental to simply change in an endeavor to respond to the changing society needs and values. She held firmly to the assertion that a marriage is a concept which has remained consistent through and through thousands of years, through many different cultures and hence its value in society at large is deeply rooted. These arguments regarding the future implication in which changing the definition of marriage could foster and bring on board, the opposition or those opposing same-sex marriages argued that the inalienable fundamental equality right, in which the gay and lesbian groups have relied upon to in furtherance of their claim, has been interpreted so broadly or beyond the necessary extent according to s.15 of the Charter and could by implication create a very slippery slope for the sacred institution of marriage. This will in turn lead to a polygamous and probably to incestuous relationships being made legal in the country (Russell, 2008. 38). Conclusion                      As a wrap up this essay has clearly analysed the article ‘Canadian same-sex marriage litigation’ highlighting the key points in the article such as the social developments in regard to same-sex marriages, how the issue of same-sex marriages relate with the equality of human rights and freedoms while at the same time being keen not to affect the social role of the marriage institution negatively. The same-sex marriage litigation needs to be assessed in terms of their impact and sustenance of the LGBT rights in regard to equality ensuring that they are not discriminated (Balla, 2014. Para. 4). This litigation from the analysis of the article can be termed as quite successful although this does not imply that legal cases involving LGBT in days to come will necessarily be successful. It is therefore true that the constitution or the law is like a living tree that grows in accordance to changes in the society and should reflect the social values, practices and attitudes of the society. These kinds of alternative forms of relationship have been recognized by the laws of different countries in the world success in the cases in the Canada litigation can to an extent be attributed to this trend although other countries still continue to strictly oppose them. References Controversy Over Couples in Canada: The Evolution of Marriage and Other Adult Interdependent Relationships. (n.d.). by Nicholas Bala. Retrieved June 13, 2014, from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=481003 Davies, C. (2008). Canadian Same-Sex Marriage Litigation: Individual Rights, Community Strategy. Canada: Crc Press. Russell, P. H. (2008). The Court and the Constitution: leading cases. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications. Source document

Sodium Channels In Dental Pulp Health And Social Care Essay

The dental mush is surrounded by the dental difficult tissue, which is a physical barrier against pathogen and hurt. The mush and dentin are frequently discussed together as one functional unit ; the pulpodentin composite. Pulp is capable to lucubrate dentin. The permeable belongingss of dentin regulate the diffusion rate of thorns that can originate pulpal redness. Pulp contains vascularity and several nervus supplies. Blood vass in pulpal tissue are for alimentary supply and cellular enlisting, while nervousnesss in pulpal tissue are for dental sensitiveness and defence response following hurt either from dental cavities or injury. The dental mush has a low capacity for defence or fix responses because of the damage of an equal blood supply and cellular enlisting following dental hurt ( 1 ) . Several surveies have shown that the pulpal excitation plays an of import function in both defence and fix responses ( 2-4 ) . Therefore, in this reappraisal article, we focuses on the pulpal excitation in the response to pulpal hurt as mentioned below. 1.1 Normal excitation in lasting and primary tooth mush Pulpodentin composite in both lasting and primary dentitions is highly rich in excitations, as shown in the survey of Rodd and Boissonade ( 5 ) ( figure 1 ) , which influence the defence reactions in the connective tissue of the mush. These excitations consist of centripetal nervus fibres, sympathetic nervus fibres, and parasympathetic nervus fibres. The centripetal nervus fibres are the major excitation in the dental mush of both lasting and primary dentitions. They originate from trigeminal ganglion, in which centrally terminate in the spinal trigeminal karyon and peripheral base on balls through the apical hiatuss to innervate the coronal mush. At the peripheral portion into the coronal mush, they diverge, subdivision, and terminate as free nervus terminations in the odontoblast beds, subodontoblastic rete, predentin, in the interior 0.1 millimeter of dentin or along blood vass as shown in Byers ‘s survey ( 6 ) ( figure 2 ) . There are three subgroups of centripetal excitation in dental mush based on its size, its conductivity speed, and its map. First, A-? nervus fibres, the moderate-sized medullated fibres, are the smallest population of centripetal nervus fibres that are sensitive to mechanical stimulations such as hydrodynamic, percussion and motion force. Second, the little myelinated A-? nervus fibres can be seen m uch greater in dental mush. Finally, the largest part of centripetal nervus fibres is the unmyelinated, slow carry oning C fibres. Both A-? and C fibres are classified as the nociceptive which respond to noxious stimulations. The centripetal nervus fibres besides involve in dentinal fluid kineticss, vasoregulation and protective physiological reaction against dental hurts ( 7-9 ) . They provide verve of the dental mush by interacting with other pulpal cells, such as odontoblasts, immunocompetent cells, and blood vass. The old survey in rat theoretical accounts indicated that the centripetal nervus fibres in dental mush play an of import function in endurance of mush tissue. In that survey, they demonstrated that dentition with centripetal denervation had greater loss of mush tissue than those with excitation ( 4 ) . The sympathetic nervus fibres are sparse in dental mush of both lasting and primary dentitions. They are from superior cervical ganglion, located along the blood vass in deeper mush and involved in vasoconstriction. The other group of pulpal excitation in lasting and primary dentitions is parasympathetic nervus fibres, which play functions in ordinance of pulpal blood flow but are much less of import than the other two nervus fibres mentioned before. During the ripening and aging in lasting dentitions, dental mush becomes narrower with the deposition of third dentin and dead piece of lands, which are usually no excitation. With increasing loss of primary dentin, tooth excitation decreases as shown by the decrease in look of neuropeptides and their receptors in the dental mush ( 9, 10 ) . Several surveies demoing the distribution of nervus fibres in dental mush normally used protein cistron merchandise 9.5 ( PGP9.5 ) , a soluble protein isolated from encephalons, as a marker of nervus fibres. PGP9.5 staining appears to be dependable in responding with nervus fibres in several surveies with different techniques: immunohistochemistry ( 11 ) , immunoblotting ( 12 ) , immunocytochemistry ( 13-15 ) and immunofluorescence ( 5, 15, 16 ) . The centripetal excitations of primary dentitions differ in measure from those of lasting dentitions, in which the centripetal excitations of lasting dentitions are greater than primary dentitions ( 5, 13, 17 ) . Due to the outstanding map of centripetal nervus fibres in hurting transmittal, hence, several research workers hypothesized that the primary dentitions have less sensitiveness than the lasting dentition since the primary dentitions have less centripetal excitations. However, a old survey revealed different consequences in centripetal excitations between primary and lasting dentition ( 18 ) . In that survey, centripetal nervus supply in primary human dentition differs from lasting dentitions in two ways. First, the distribution of excitations within the Crown of primary dentitions were highest at cervical, while the lasting dentitions were dumbly supplied in the pulpal horn dentin. Second, the roots of primary dentin were peculiarly innervated at the cervical terminals of ro ots, but the roots of lasting dentin were virtually uninnervated. In add-on, physiologic root reabsorption does non impact histological construction and overall excitation of primary dentitions ( 19, 20 ) . Figure 1 shows the excitations in coronal mush of primary ( A ) and lasting ( B ) homo dentition. ( With permission of †¦ ) ( 5 ) Figure 2 shows the expiration o centripetal nervus fibres as free nervus terminations in the odontoblast beds ( OB ) , subodontoblastic rete ( rete of Raschkow: PI ) , predentin ( PD ) , in the interior 0.1 millimeter of dentin ( D ) or along blood vass. ( With permission of †¦ ) ( 1 ) 1.2 Sensory neuropeptides in dental mush The centripetal nervus fibres in dental mush are afferent fibres involved preponderantly in hurting perceptual experience. The terminuss of centripetal nervus fibres contain neuropeptides, synthesized neurotransmitter proteins from nerve cells. These peptidergic nerve cells are associated with neurogenic redness, caused by utmost stimulations such as dental cavities, boring, examining of the open dentin, or percussion of the dentition, in order to supply the verve of dental mush ( 21 ) . Dymanical alterations in peptidergic nerve cells occur during redness by extended germination. These germinations result in increased possible sites of neuropeptide incorporating fibres and accordingly released neuropeptides ( 3, 13, 14, 22-24 ) . Neuropeptides can non traverse cell membranes, so they trigger biological effects by triping their receptors located on the plasma membrane of the mark cells and they are quickly degraded by the enzymes in mush tissue after exercising the effects ( 25 ) . F unctions of centripetal neuropeptides are multiple and variable. They could move as neurotransmitters, growing factors, endocrines, vasoregulators, immune system and signaling molecules. It is known that neuropeptides contribute to advance neurogenic redness, control of pulpal blood flow, and affect in hurting mechanisms of pulpodentin composite ( 26 ) . Several surveies demonstrated that neuropeptides can modulate vascular smooth musculus, addition in vascular permeableness, and besides modulate immunosystem ( 8, 26, 27 ) . The centripetal neuropeptides in lasting and primary tooth mush consist of calcitonin gene-related peptides ( CGRP ) , substance P ( SP ) and neurokinin A ( NKA ) ( 26, 28 ) . Summary of the beginning, localisation, stimulation and biological effects from centripetal neuropeptides in dental mush are summarized in table 1. 1.3 Nervous reactions to pulpal hurts When dental mush is injured, the altered conditions activate nervus fibres to bring on neurogenic redness, which is a procedure of stimuli-induced neuropeptides release, alteration in vascular permeableness and the enlisting of immunocompetent cells. The neurogenic redness can take to mending procedure ( 26, 29 ) . Several surveies have demonstrated the neurogenic redness happening in the dental mush following dental hurt. For illustration: the sensory ( 13, 30, 31 ) and sympathetic ( 2 ) nervus fibres shooting were found in inflamed dental mush. Byers and co-workers ( 32 ) demonstrated the variable grade of centripetal nervus fibres shooting correlated with assorted grade of hurt to dental mush of rat theoretical accounts. In that survey, mild hurt, e.g. shallow pits, caused an addition in CGRP-immunoreactive fibres, and those shooting CGRP-nerve fibres subsided within 21 yearss. The deeper pits were more injured to dental mush and leaded to microabscess with more legion subdivision s of centripetal nervus fibres shooting underneath. The shooting fibres had taken longer clip to lessen and the reparative dentin was substituted in those pulpal hurts microabscess. When the hurt theoretical accounts were the exposure of dental mush, several defensive reactions could be found, in such as mush polyps, curdling mortification and liquefying mortification. In those terrible pulpal hurts, the CGRP-immunoreactive fibres were found shooting following to the boundary line of defensive reactions and the axons were found to piece in the nucleus of lasting mush. As we have mentioned before, due to increased possible sites of neuropeptides release and the function of centripetal neuropeptides in hurting mechanism, the germination of centripetal nervus fibres following redness may change cytochemical reactions in the dental mush and contribute to the altered efficaciousness of local anaesthesia.2. The look of Na channels in dental mush and their relation to dental inflammatory h urtingThe voltage-gated Na channels ( VGSCs ) are complex transmembrane pores that are responsible in depolarisation, peculiarly the raising stage of the action potency. They are found in excitable cells, such as nerve cells, myocytes ( 33 ) and some types of glia cells ( 34 ) . VGSCs unfastened within a msec in response to electrical alteration across the membrane to let Na ions influx and cause the increased neural membrane potency. Then, they terminate within unextended periods of clip to obstruct the Na ions flow and the nerve cells enter repolarization phase by the allowance of K ions influx at the neural membrane. After shutting, VGSCs return to resting province and are available to reopen in response to new moving ridge of electrical alteration. Therefore, VGSCs contribute to the finding of neural irritability and besides play the function in the extension of nervus urges. During hurts or redness, VGSCs in primary centripetal nerve cells are continuously activated and the uni nterrupted activation of VGSCs gives rise to motiveless self-generated action potency activity, that eventually cause uninterrupted hurting ( 35 ) . The Na channel is the selective filter composed of 1 big uninterrupted protein, ?-subunit and 1 or 2 smaller proteins, ?-subunits. The ?-subunits, a 220-260 kD polypeptide, contain a functional portion of ion channel including electromotive force detector, ion pore, activation, and inactivation gate. The ?-subunits modulate the maps of the ?-subunits and stabilise them to the plasma membrane. In mammals, 9 cistrons have been identified to encode VGSC ?-subunits into 9 isoforms depend on amino acid sequence homology and familial location. Each isoform differs in map such as tissue distribution, electrophysiological belongingss, pharmacological belongingss, and response to steel hurt and redness. Furthermore, each one is associated with the assortment of receptor molecules to modulate the irritability of nociceptors, so there are diversified procedures of nervus impulse extension depending on the nowadays of sodium channel ?-subunit isoform, for illustration, changing in opening thresh olds, opening clip length, sum of inactivation clip, or rate of isoform passage from closed inactivated province to the resting close province ( 36 ) . VGSCs can be functionally classified depending on the standards used, as shown in table 2, and the belongingss of each VGSC ?-subunit isoforms are summarized in table 3. In physiological status, the centripetal nerve cells in dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) and trigeminal ganglion express both TTX-sensitive ( TTX-S ) and TTX-resistant ( TTX-R ) Na channels. The most population of centripetal nerve cells is mechanoreceptive with rapid-inactivating TTX-S Na channels. The little population is nociceptive, showing a mixture of rapid-inactivating TTX-S and slow-inactivating TTX-R Na channels. During the inflammatory procedure, inflammatory go-betweens lower the threshold of activation and increase the irritability of TTX-R in primary centripetal nerve cells, contribute to neural hyperexcitability ( 37 ) . Furthermore, there is the altered look of both TTX-S and TTX-R VGSCs in inflamed peripheral tissues ( 36, 38 ) . These alterations lead to increased hurting provinces. In dental mush, the quickly inactivating, TTX-S Na currents have been detected in civilized human alveolar consonant mush cells ( 39 ) . The writer suggested that the chief beginning of these Na currents were from neural orbiter cells, non odontogenic cells, because odontoblastic procedure of odontoblasts that steadfastly embedded themselves to the dentin and do non allowed these cells to be explanted. On the other manus, the in vitro survey of Allard and co-workers ( 40 ) found that odontoblasts expressed voltage-gated TTX-S currents which has capableness to bring forth action potency, but TTX-R Na currents has non been detected. Henry and co-worker ( 41 ) found no alteration in overall Na channels look in painful human alveolar consonant mush. But when concentrating on the feature of nodal sites, the measure of untypical nodal sites, including the Na channel look at these countries was found to be increased, while the typical nodal sites and Na channel accretion at these countries was found to be decreased. This survey showed that redness caused the demyelinating procedure and remodeling of the form of Na channel accretion. Many surveies supported the survey of Henry and co-worker. They revealed an addition in the look of NaV1.7 ( 16 ) , NaV1.8 ( 11, 12 ) and NaV1.9 ( 42 ) in dental mush with irreversible pulpitis comparison to dental mush of non-painful dentitions. NaV1.6 has besides been found in dental mush of both worlds and rats ( 43 ) , but its map in pulpal redness remains ill-defined. Not merely VGSCs isoforms, but besides epithelial Na channel, which is non-VGSC have been found in dental mush. The l ook of each Na channel isoform in dental mush is as described below. NaV1.6 is a TTX-sensitive VGSC isoform remarkably expresses at nodes of Ranvier, although assorted sodium channel isoforms are located within the PNS and CNS. Its map has been suggested to be an electrical conductivity in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons ( 44 ) . The look of NaV1.6 in human lasting tooth mush has been reported in the survey of Luo and co-workers ( 45 ) utilizing immunocytochemistry that there was no important difference in the look of NaV1.6 in normal and painful mush, despite an addition in the proportion of untypical nodes of Ranvier and an lessening in typical nodal sites in painful mush. The survey in rat theoretical accounts utilizing immunohistochemistry and dual immunofluorescence ( 43 ) has found that NaV1.6 expressed in pulpal immune cells, dendritic pulpal cells, and even in odontoblasts. This may propose the function of NaV1.6 in these cells. In contrast to the survey of Luo and co-workers ( 45 ) , mush tissue of injured rat dentitions in this survey showed the addition in NaV1.6 immunoreactive cells, preponderantly around the injured site and dilated blood vass. NaV1.7 is the TTX-sensitive VGSC isoform that was widely studied. It has been identified in the sympathetic nerve cells and little and average size centripetal nerve cells of DRG, which include nociceptive nerve cells. For the electrophysiological facet, NaV1.7 is quickly activated, quickly inactivated and easy recovered from fast activation, so it plays an of import function in puting the threshold for coevals of action potencies in peripheral nociceptive nerve cells ( 35 ) . NaV1.7 is markedly involved in comprehending hurting esthesis. As evidenced in the patients with loss-of-function mutant in SCN9A cistron, a cistron that encodes NaV1.7, those who have loss of NaV1.7 map are unable to see hurting ( 46, 47 ) . In add-on, patients with inborn hurting syndrome who have an change in NaV1.7 map have increased hurting sensitiveness associated with hydrops, inflammation and heat, proposing the function of NaV1.7 in chronic inflammatory hurting ( 48 ) . In dental mush of human lasting dentition, the upregulation of NaV1.7 look has besides been reported in painful pulpitis under immunohistochemical method ( 49 ) , every bit good as immunocytochemical method ( 16 ) , which has demonstrated the increased look of NaV1.7 isoform at typical and untypical nodal sites. The VGSC ?-subunit isoform 1.8 ( NaV1.8 ) and VGSC ?-subunit isoform 1.9 ( NaV1.9 ) , the slower TTX-R constituents, are unusually found in little unmyelinated centripetal nerve cells that have been identified as nociceptive nerve cells ( 36 ) . NaV1.8 has a high activation threshold, slow inactivation dynamicss and contribute to electrogenesis of action potency in C-type peripheral nerve cells of mice theoretical accounts ( 50 ) . NaV1.9 activates at potencies near resting membrane potency and generates comparatively relentless current ( 51 ) . Both TTX-R signifiers: NaV1.8, NaV1.9, are believed to be involved in the drawn-out continuance of action potency in response to painful stimulations and have been found to upregulate during inflammatory hurting ( 38, 52, 53 ) . Therefore, these sodium channel isoforms might be a new mark for intervention of inflammatory hurting. The different belongingss of NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 are as following. NaV1.8 currents have slow activation rate and fas t inactivation rate. The function of NaV1.8 in electrogenesis is to find action potency of nerve cells due to slower inactivation rates. The steady-state electromotive force dependance of inactivation contributes to bring forth action possible even at depolarisation province. NaV1.9 currents are alone and can be activated at electromotive force near the resting membrane potency and can bring forth relentless currents. Then, NaV1.9 can be easy activated, lend to puting of the threshold of activation, and can stay opening for longer clip than NaV1.8 ( 35, 36, 54 ) . Previous surveies utilizing antisense for NaV1.8 utilizing oligodeoxynucleotides ( 53, 55 ) and NaV1.8-null mice ( 56 ) have shown that NaV1.8 plays a function in inflammatory hurting and neuropathic hurting. NaV1.9 channels besides have a function in inflammatory hurting but non in neuropathic hurting ( 57, 58 ) . Localization of NaV1.8 in human dentitions with painful pulpitis has been investigated utilizing immunohistochemical method ( 11 ) . It has been found that NaV1.8-immunoreactive nervus fibres were localized in subodontoblastic bed of both healthy and inflamed mush tissue. However, the sensing of NaV1.8-immunoreactive fibres was much more seen in the inflamed dental mush. Furthermore, the upregulation of NaV1.8 has been reported utilizing the immmunoblotting method that has been used to quantify the protein degrees of NaV1.8 in inflamed human lasting tooth mush comparison to healthy mush ( 12 ) . The immunofluorescent survey has revealed that non merely the predominant NaV1.6, but besides NaV1.8 has presented at the nodes of Ranvier in the radicular portion of healthy human lasting tooth mush ( 59 ) . This determination has suggested the coexistence of multiple Na channel isoforms in these countries that may alter in the degrees of look during the inflammatory period and contribute to increased hurting position. For NaV1.9, the probe in rat theoretical accounts has revealed the excitations of NaV1.9-immunoreactive fibres in the lip tegument and dental mush of non-painful dentitions, proposing the function of this VGSC isoform in orofacial hurting ( 60 ) . Equally good as the other Na channel mentioned above, the immunocytochemical method has reported the increased look of NaV1.9 in the axons of diagnostic pulpitis of human lasting tooth ( 42 ) . Epithelial Na channel ( ENaC ) protein is a member of degenerins household ( DEG ) , which is a big protein household of diverse maps, such as Na ion conveyance, acerb esthesis, proprioception, and mechanosensation ( 61 ) . Differing from VGSCs which consist of ?- and ?- fractional monetary unit, ENaC consists of four fractional monetary units: ? , ? , ? and ? fractional monetary unit ( 62 ) . Merely ? , ? and ? fractional monetary units of ENaC has been indicated in mechanoreceptors in trigeminal ganglion of rat theoretical accounts with a possible map in mechanotransduction ( 63 ) . ENaC? has been identified in the terminal Schwann cells associated with the periodontic Ruffini terminations in the periodontic ligament of the rat incisors and believed to be a cardinal molecule for mechanosensation in chew ( 64 ) . There has besides been the ENaC in rat dental mush tissue, as being seen by immunohistochimistry ( 65 ) . In this survey, the ?ENaC and ?ENaC-immunoreactive fibres have app eared in trigeminal ganglion nerve cells, periodontic ligament, deep bed of unwritten mucous membrane, inferior alveolar nervus fibres, radicular mush and subodontoblastic rete of rat grinders mush tissue. The localisation of ?ENaC in dental mush was largely at myelinated nervus fibres which are sensitive to mechanical stimulations, while it was largely barren at unmyelinated nociceptive axons. There have been the efforts to detect new substances for Na channel blockers for the intervention of both neuropathic and inflammatory hurting. Lidocaine, normally used anaesthetics, is one of those with non-specific barricading belongings. Scholz and co-workers reported that TTX-R channels are more immune to lidocaine than TTX-S in rat theoretical accounts ( 66 ) . In contrast to Scholz survey, other surveies in rat theoretical accounts reported TTX-R channels are more sensitive to lidocaine than TTX-S Na channels ( 67, 68 ) . Until now, the specific VGSC isoforms that are the jobs in anaesthetic failure is still controverted. The usage of combination between for good charged Lidocaine ( N-ethyl-lidocaine ) and capsaicin, an agonist for the transient receptor possible vanilloid 1 ( TRPV1 ) , in rat theoretical accounts has been reported ( 69 ) . The writers claimed the advantage of this regimen over the usage of apparent local anaesthetic agents in non doing the shortage in motor an d autonomic nervus map, but it required further survey. Isoflurane, an inhalating anaesthetic agent, was besides proved to barricade TTX-s every bit good as NaV1.8 currents in rats ( 70 ) . Eugenol, the broad usage agent in dental clinic, had ability to suppress both TTX-R and TTX-S Na ion currents in rats and had the consequence on nociceptive, every bit good as non-nociceptive fibres ( 71, 72 ) . Hence, eugenol may be another good pick to be an analgetic and anaesthetic agents used in dental intervention. In add-on to those mentioned above, the Na channel barricading efficaciousness of assortment opioid derived functions has been studied. This survey found that tramadol, Fentanyl and sufentanil had sodium channel barricading ability particularly in slow-activation Na channel isoform, while morphia did non ( 73 ) . The specific Na channel blockers have been improved but they are limited to specific NaV1.8 blockers, such as ?O-conotoxin MrVIB from Conus Marmoreus ( 74 ) , a little m olecule antisense oligonucleotide ( A-803467 ) ( 75, 76 ) and 5-Aryl-2-furfuramides ( 77 ) . Unfortunately, despite many researches about Na channel blockers, none of Na channel barricading agents is considered to be effectual and safe plenty to utilize in homo. Further surveies for the new coevals of hurting intervention are still needed. In decision, dental hurting is a important wellness job. Although several voltage-gated Na channel isoforms, every bit good as an epithelial Na channel, have been identified in dental mush with different location and map, merely NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 serve as a cardinal function in inflammatory mush. These sodium channel isoforms are suggested to be the possible marks for the fresh hurting intervention of pulpal redness and to seek for fresh anaesthetics in the intervention of painful pulpitis.

Louis Riel Essay (Canadian History) Essay

In my opinion Louis Riel was a hero because he fought for the rights of everyone who lived in the northwest, he was rebelling against a government, not a country and he was against acts of violence and loss of life. Furthermore Louis’s acts might be considered crazy by today’s standards but in the 1890’s it was not uncommon or insane. Louis lived in the Red River settlement and wanted to protect their rights but he also fought for the rights of the white settlers in the area and for the natives. Louis was a patriot, he was proud to be Canadian, he just didn’t agree with the government at the time. Louis Riel was a freedom fighter, not a rebel against his country. He was rebelling against the men in government who suppressed his people. â€Å"The entire process which saw the spread of the Canadian Governments imperialistic authority over the west, ignored the people who were there long before England decided to give it to a new country. Riel was a freedom fighter for the west and should be recognized as such. He faced and fought a central Canadian government, ignorant of the west, long before Preston Manning was born.† (Richard Brown, Alberta, July 7th, 1999 http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/quotes/). If Louis hadn’t stood up for the Meti people, the government would have let them starve and their culture would be lost. Likewise if any minority was treated like that now, they could only be so fortunate to have someone like Louis Riel to stand up for them. Louis was against violence unless it was absolutely necessary. He only wanted to ensure that the people of the Northwest would retain their rights and traditions after the Canadian government took control of the area. When he and his Mati people used violence it was because they had no other options. â€Å"John A MacDonald breaks the law of the time by inducing rebellion.† (Sir Wilfred Laurier http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/quotes/). Two examples of Riel using non-violent solutions first are when he sent Meti to confront the land surveyors instead of sending them to kill the surveyors. And when he seized fort Garry and its munitions, instead of burning it down or shooting the people inside. His method of not being vicious helped him be victorious in many situations. â€Å"You can be sure that we would have beaten  them had it not been for Louis Riel who always counseled us not to spill their blood† Gabriel Dumont. Today, if someone came up to you and said they were chosen by god to lead their people to freedom would you believe them or laugh and call them insane? Chances are most modern people would do the laughing. But in the 1880’s things were different, people were more religious and it was less than impossible to voice your opinions to the government. Riel lived in a time when the country was still being shaped, new provinces were being formed, and he was not out of line to demand that his people be included. Today we have a responsible government, for example when native people in BC felt cheated out of their ancestors land, our government gave some of the land back and took steps to see that that doesn’t happen again. Ironically this is the same land the post-confederation government took away! When you look at all the facts and consider the time period, Riel doesn’t seem like such a bad guy. He did what any patriotic, freedom loving Canadian would have done in his shoes. Sure some of his beliefs and ideas may have been a little deranged, but when you compare it to all the exemplary things he accomplished, it dosent seam like a big deal. â€Å"I am more convinced everyday that without a single exception I did right†¦ and I have always believed that, as I have acted honestly, the time will come when the people of Canada will see and acknowledge it.† (Louis Riel http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/quotes/) Maybe it wouldn’t be so bad if some of our modern politicians were a little more like Louis Riel.

Discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion questions - Essay Example 2007). The above data sources act as indicators of financial outcome of a project in hospital which is meant to improve the services of patients and in the long run increase their financial benefits to continue improving the hospital and even expand their services. These records in various sections of the hospital will serve as an indicator of the financial outcome essential for evaluation. The best evaluation design would be the pretest and posttest design with follow-up. This is because this evaluation design measures the project before it begins and at the end and this provides effective results that act as a baseline for comparison. The comparison is essential to indicate whether the project has achieved its set objectives or not and which objectives have not been achieved which is the basic essence of evaluation. The sampling strategy effective is the quota sampling. The hospital can be divided into quotas which depend on the services (like pharmacy, outpatient, and inpatient) and the evaluation can be carried out on each quota. This would also enable for comparison to be done on the (Melton et al. 2007). In order for an organization to compete successfully in the market, the quality of its goods and services must increase and this will require organizational structure of that organization to act. There may be more role allocation and role specificity in a bid to ensure that employees are producing their best in terms of goods or services production. In hospital for example, the nurses may be required to work in specific wards or handle specific cases to ensure increase in quality and standards of treatment and overall care for their patients (Borkowski 2005). Organizational structure of an organization is determined by the set goals and objectives of the organization. These same goals and objectives are centered on an increase in production of goods or services being offered in that organization. This therefore means that the two

Peter Singer - Famine Affluence, And Morality Assignment

Peter Singer - Famine Affluence, And Morality - Assignment Example That first principle is that death and suffering as result of the shortage of shelter, food, and medical attention are bad. The other principle is that if it is in our power and ability to put to an end these bad things and suffering of the people from occurring, without sacrificing anything of equivalent moral significance, then we ought to honorably do it, as stated by. All these arguments put forward by Singer were to encourage most of the affluent countries to give more of their resources to the unfortunate that they are doing. This would help a great deal in dealing with some of the calamities such as famine and disaster. One of the counter-arguments presented by is the example of the drowning child, as it is only one person who can help out in that instance. In the case of disaster relief, there is a multitude of people who can help out. Replies to this by claiming that it does not matter morally to the question, how many people could help out, what matters is the ability of individuals to take up the moral obligation responsibility. Failure of anyone to act in a disastrous situation would be the failure of all. Thinking that others could help out, does not in any way, lessen the responsibility. If one person takes on the responsibility, the obligation of the others people lapse. One of the counter arguments is the example given about the child. The child is in need of help and what ponders is whether the child is the responsibility of the people around or other people around the globe? This is an indication of how the poor people around the globe are spatially distant and far away. Leaving the child without any help could lead to it drowning; however, in many scenarios donating to the relief agencies could help in the preventions of deaths occurring in the future.

What are the effects of using ICT and Media in the 'English Classroom' Essay

What are the effects of using ICT and Media in the 'English Classroom' - Essay Example In general, the learning and teaching behaviour between the students and the school teachers, is an important factor that contributes to the success of using computer-based technology in education (Karasavvidis et al., 2003). For this reason, the design of a virtual classroom for English language has to be easily accessible, reliable, user-friendly, and interactive. For this study, the types of ICT and other related media technology used in the English Classroom settings has to be identified first. Eventually, the researcher will conduct a literature review about the positive and negative effects of using the ICT and other forms of media in the English classroom. In the process of going through the main discussion, several issues and problems associated with the use of ICT and other media technology will be identified followed by discussion of the impact of using these technologies on the teaching and learning process of the English language. Based on the gathered peer-reviewed journals, improvements on the students’ academic performance concerning the use of each type of media technology will be tackled in detail. With regards to the school improvements, some of the existing teaching and learning theories will be applied to the practice of using ICT and other forms of media technology. Under the supervision of the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (BECTa), UK government is strongly committed in supporting the use of ICT within the classroom settings (Becta, 2009). Similar to the personal opinions of the secondary school teachers (Clarke, 2003: p. 3), the UK government also finds the promotion of using ICT as one of the best way to improve and strengthen the learning experience of the students. As a result of the rapid development in the use of ICT and media technology, educational settings like the English classroom has been using digital technology in order to support the learning

David Contracts Written Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

David Contracts Written Project - Essay Example In this similar concern, it can be affirmed that both the parties can be benefited from making a contract. It has to be enforceable by law. Though contracts can be of verbal or written type, preference must always given to the written contracts as they are quite uncomplicated to confirm in front of law (Dervort 107-108). DISCUSSION OF CONTRACT ELEMENTS Contracts are a kind of legally binding agreement by both the parties to a contract. Parties to a contract must know and understand that the agreement is enforceable by law. Contracts which are unlawful are void and not enforceable in the court. One of the important pre-conditions of the development of a contract is its legality (Cheeseman 1-250). Offer is principally viewed to be an expression of readiness which especially makes by an offeror with the intention of getting the offer duly accepted by an offeree. It is worth mentioning that offer is often viewed to be one of the initial as well as one of the influential elements of a con tract. Offer is duly considered to be an important contract element as it is viewed to be the initial step in entering into a particular contract (Dervort 107-108). It can be viewed that when an offeree agrees upon the offer which provides by an offeror, then it certainly becomes an acceptance. With the completion of acceptance process, both the parties come under a specific contract. Without the acceptance, contracts can never be formed. It is to be stated that an acceptance can be in both forms i.e. written or oral. Consideration is typically considered to be an act of a contract process. With the significant concern of consideration, individuals making a contract promise to perform or abstain from performing certain act. It has been apparently observed that consideration comprises either harm to the promisee or a benefit on behalf of the promisor. In the contract agreement, consideration plays an important role for the promises made by both the parties. Specially mentioning, it h as to be enforceable by lawful regulations (Dervort 107-108). There are many countries, which set a standard age for the age of majority. For most of the nations, it is 18. Any age below the age of 18 is called age of minority. There is an Infancy Doctrine made for the minorities. This doctrine states that minors need to be protected from the unscrupulous behavior of the adults. Minors can also rescind the contract as per as this doctrine is concerned. In the matter of writing, a contract needs to be formal and properly signed, expressed and with implied reference (Cheeseman 1-250). Contracts have to be legal and thus they must be presented and proved at the court. Contracts are generally viewed to be ‘meeting of the minds’ as two or more individuals can enter into a particular contract. In terms of legality, contracts need to be presented to another party without using fraud, threatening or other illegal activities. In order to determine the contract element i.e. legal ity, it is to be stated that the prime intention of a particular contract must be for a lawful purpose. The general law of contracts and many state statutes protect individuals who lack contractual capacity from having contracts forced especially on them. The requirement of parties accent needs to be real and genuine (Dervort 107-108). On the other hand, the contract element concerning meeting of the mind

Literature ((BRITISH COLONIAZATION IN AFRICA)) Essay

Literature ((BRITISH COLONIAZATION IN AFRICA)) - Essay Example Goods that the British acquired from Igboland were spices, iron, palm products, timber, and elephant tusks, just to name a few. At first, the British were trading at the coast of Africa, but greed motivated them to make their way into Nigeria and take over the Igbo people, exploiting them and their resources in order to gain as much as possible (Litvack, "The Igbo People--Origins and History," 2001). The British colonization of southern Nigeria had a devastating impact on the Igbo people. For one, it caused the clans and the villages to turn against one another. Where there was once unity, there was now dissension, disharmony, and upheaval. Their once familiar way of life was now destroyed, never to be the same again. They were forced to adapt a new way of living, be subject to new rulers, and even adhere to a new religion, which was very much contrary to what they were used to. All of these devastating effects were what was responsible for the breakdown of the Igbo people, as well as the extreme loss of identity and culture (Litvack, "The Igbo People--Origins and History," 2001). Before the British colonists forced their religion upon them, the Igbo followed their traditional tribal religion. They believed in several gods who were led by one God named Chukwu. Chukwu was responsible for the creation of all things, and he was the leader of all of the minor deities. Chukwu was believed to be an almighty and powerful god who was omnipresent. Being that the people held this belief about Chukwu, temples, sanctuaries, symbols, and numerous representations of the god were all throughout the land. Aside from Chukwu, there were minor deities who competed amongst themselves. The minor deities each had their roles. Some punish people for offending the Igbo society, while others made sure people did not take advantage of their privileges. Then there were the gods who controlled the weather, as well as the growth of the crops (Litvack, "Religion and the Igbo People," 2001). Families and villages had their own gods that they adhered to, and each individual person had what was known as a Chi, which was a spirit that was returned to them at death by Chukwu. The Chi could either be good or bad. It was all dependent upon how the person behaved throughout life (Litvack, "Religion and the Igbo People," 2001). The Igbo also believed that the spirits of their deceased family members would watch over them to ensure that nothing bad came upon them and caused them harm. Because of this belief, it was common practice that the people prayed to the dead and asked them to ensure that they had a good and prosperous future. If anyone spoke against one of the deceased people who died an honorable or socially acceptable death, they were violating the law. Those who died in ways that the Igbo felt to be socially acceptable were who they considered as the good spirits that ensured safety and good fortune. That who died in a way that was not acceptable to Igbo society was considered to be the spirits that caused harm and upheaval. Deaths that were considered to be socially unacceptable were mothers dying during labor, babies dying before they had teeth, those who committed suicide and any who died during the sacred month. Multiple births were also considered disgraceful. For instance, if a mother concei ved twins or more, those babies were left to die

English Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English Assignment - Essay Example Sometimes, only dancing in front of the mirror when nobody else is watching me helps me know myself more. I am surprised at the ideas on different ways to move my body that I get; they unveil hidden portions of my personality that I only get to see while I dance. Although it takes energy to dance, yet it is ironical that dance instills energy in me and I feel energized. While I move my body, it automatically occurs to me to life my eyebrows up or curl my lips into a smile that goes perfect with the moves I take. Dance holds value for me as it helps relieve tension and anxiety and alleviates mood. I dance mostly at too situations; one, when I am extremely happy, and the other, when I am extremely sad. When I am happy, it helps me retain the happiness, and when I am sad, it helps me shed away the sadness and forget my sorrows. More importantly, I use dance as a physical exercise. I am too lazy to follow a tough workout routine or to jog every day, so I dance. I play songs at the stereo system and dance on them at least for half an hour every day. It helps me burn calories and restore energy at the same time. It is a wonderful exercise because it does not feel like a liability when you are running or jogging. Doing exercise through dance is actually fun; it is like being in a party and dancing like crazy. While it does burn a lot of calories, one does not feel exhausted or feel like giving up while the exercise is on. The value dance holds for an individual depends to a large extent on how one understands it. Some people are just too dry and serious to understand the value of dance. To them, to dance might be like being a clown. People that enjoy dancing and get benefits out of it like me do place a lot of value in dance. I have been interested in the Indian classical dance since my childhood. That is so different from the conventional western dance. I think Indian classical dance embeds a lot of aspects of the Indian culture. I see a lot of difference in the clas sical dance performed by the Indian men and Indian women. It is, to some extent, an expression of the gender roles in the society. I tried to learn Indian classical dance in a school in my childhood, but it was not as easy as I had presumed it to be. They danced it at Tabla, the popular musical instrument. Being a western, it was very difficult for me to learn the Indian classical dance. I think it takes a fair understanding of a culture to learn the way people of that culture dance. I dance spontaneously depending upon the song. It mostly takes me a fast track to get me in the mood to dance. I have danced on disco and pop songs on the birthday parties of my friends. I have practiced both dancing alone and dancing socially. I am more comfortable dancing alone than dancing socially. The major reason I see behind this is that I have not learnt dance at some institution successfully and thus am not a very good dancer. When I dance socially, I have this feeling that I am being watched b y others. It occurs to me not to dance than dance badly, so I dance very less publicly. However, when everybody is dancing and there is not much watching around, I also do my bit, like at the birthday parties of my friends. When I am in the mood of dancing and I am alone, I tend to make sure that there is nobody else watching. I even draw the curtains of my windows down to make sure that nobody far away gets a glimpse. I dance alone in absolute privacy. When I dance

The Galapagos Island in Ecuador Essay Example for Free

The Galapagos Island in Ecuador Essay Nineteen breathtaking islands stunningly situated in the Pacific Ocean comprise the Galapagos Islands. Aside from the wonderful corporeal attributes of the island, it is also well-known for its â€Å"showcase of evolution. † The island houses different species of sea animals, which were believed to have evolved due to the volcanic activities affecting marine life. In fact, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was based on his observations in the Galapagos Island. (UNESCO, 2007) Unique creatures living in the island including land iguanas, giant tortoises, seal colonies, cormorants, bats, rats, and such presents the importance of supporting advocacies to protect and preserve this world heritage site. These animals, also including penguins and other kinds of birds who frequent the island coexist for a balanced marine ecosystem. (The Galapagos Island) Overall, the island boasts of over 1,600 species of various insects, over 800 species of shells, 200 starfishes, 120 crabs, and many more worthy of efforts and support for their conservation and sustained existence. (Explore Galapagos) Animal seclusion in the island was identified to cause nonchalant behavior of animal life in the area. (The Galapagos Island) Imbalance in the existing animal life community in the island is said to be caused by human interference. Human practices that threat the harmony in the Galapagos Island dates for more than two decades ago when explorers hunted animals in the area for personal provisions. Aside from this, people who inhabit the island alter the physical environment affecting the balance in the island’s ecosystem. For instance, some foreign plants set in the area have been identified to damage the life of native plants in the island. To protect the area from further damage brought about by human actions and practices, majority of the area in the Galapagos was transformed into a National Park. Ongoing scientific investigation to sustain preservation is also conducted in the area by the Charles Darwin Station. (Galapagos Conservation) Although the government of Ecuador and other international organizations such as UNESCO are working very hard to continue the protection and preservation of the island, conditions that threaten the unspoiled nature of the Galapagos still exist. Therefore, continuous and intensified support is needed to prevent the destruction of this immaculate heritage site. Primarily, what should be worked on is the growing economy and population in the area, increasing the presence of insidious species of plant and animal life, as well as man-made products that disturb the balanced and harmonious community in the island. Funding and efficient management skills should be a primary concern of everyone involved. To air the call for protection and preservation of the Galapagos, efforts should also be made to educate all people in order to determine the significance of the diverse community existing within the Galapagos and look out for ways on how the advocacy can be supported by all means possible. References Explore Galapagos. (2008). Retrieved October 1, 2008, from Galapagos Conservation Trust.Website: http://www. gct. org/intro. html Galapagos Conservation. (2008). Retrieved October 1, 2008, from Big Five Tours Expedition. Website: http://www. galapagos. com/conservation. php The Galapagos Island. (2006). Retrieved October 1, 2008, from interKnowledge Corp. Website: http://www. geographia. com/ecuador/galislands. htm UNESCO. (2007). Galapagos Island. Retrieved October 1, 2008, from UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Website: http://whc. unesco. org/en/list/1

Experiences Of Women Mature Students In Higher Education

Experiences Of Women Mature Students In Higher Education Internationally there has been a large body of literature presented on the experiences of mature students, who have returned to higher education after a significant absence from compulsory education (for example, Baxter and Britton, 1999; Baxter and Britton, 2001; Lister, 2003; O’Donnell and Tobbell, 2007; O’Shea and Stone, 2011) to name but a few. Within much of this literature Baxter and Britton (1999:181) would point out that despite the marginalisation of women in educational research studies, this has not been the case in the literature presented on mature student whereby the â€Å"mature student is usually assumed to be female† and studies have particularly focused more so on women returners rather than both genders. Up until the late 1980s through to the early 1990s the primary research method used to conduct much of these studies was the large-scale quantitative survey, (for example, see Watkins, 1982) where the findings illustrated that mature students had a shared set of characteristics including educational background and educational achievements (Baxter and Britton, 1999; Parr, 2000). However, mature students are not a homogenous group, as each student’s higher education experience will be determined by factors including class, gender and ethnicity (O’Donnell and Tobbell, 2007; Morgan, 2013). Therefore, Richardson (1994:322) would state that to research the life experiences of mature students in higher education, this cannot be â€Å"carried out by means of bare quantitative procedures such as questionnaires† where the appropriate approach required would be to conduct individual semi-structured interviews. The defining feature which categorises mature students is based on age but this can vary on the country in question, for example, in Sweden, Norway and Australia the mature student is classified as someone who is over twenty-five years of age (Thomas and Quinn, 2006) as opposed to the UK where according to the Higher Education Statistics Authority the mature student is someone who is over twenty-one (HESA, 2014). According to Smith (2008:1) the term mature student â€Å"identifies a category of learners who embark on a course of study later in life† and can include any adult education programme such as further and/or higher education Historically, the role of women was to devote themselves to the position of homemaker. However, as western society as advanced to become more egalitarian this has witnessed a rapid shift in mothers with child/ren returning to education to become more self-sufficient and to gain a sense of self-identity. However, Baxter and Britton (2001) would argue that while trying to balance their student role, women still have a multiplicity of other roles were they shoulder the responsibility of childcare and domestic life, therefore, inequalities between genders are still widely seen. In recent times, the subordinate role of women in societies for example non wage winner, 2nd class citizen etc.throughout the world has significantly improved, slowly closing the gender gap in equality. One of the many advantages to this in modern society is that women have now the opportunity of gaining a good education. According to Parr (2000) this has led to increasing numbers of mature women returning to educ ation, not just to gain a paper qualification or to obtain better job opportunities but also to become more self-sufficient and to gain a sense of self-identity. This increase in mature women returning to higher education can be linked to the formation of ‘lifelong education’ (O’Shea and Stone, 2011). The concept of lifelong education is not new whereby, ancient societies emphasised the need â€Å"to learn from the cradle to the grave† (Gishti, 2009). However, it was not until the late twentieth/early twenty-first century that lifelong education became ‘heralded’ as an new age phenomenon, and became high on the social agenda of many governments and international organisations such as, UNESCO (Jackson, Malcolm and Thomas, 2011). In 1972 UNESCO International Commission on the Development of Education published the â€Å"Faure report† with the aim to assist governments in formulating and implementing new strategies in lifelong education. The primary underpinning of this report emphasised how important it was that every individual had the opportunity to lifelong education (Learning to be, 1972). This led to the UNESCO institute becoming the first institution to address the needs and aspirations of adult learners and in 2006 the name was changed to UNESCO Ins titute for Lifelong Learning, to reflect the institute’s focus on adult learning (UNESCO, 2013). According to Lister (2003) the primary focus in the role of lifelong learning is to combat social exclusion and target previously excluded groups. One of the many disadvantaged groups that lifelong learning particularly aims to benefit is those of women who have caring responsibilities and childcare commitments. Encompassing a broad perspective Lister (2003) would also note that the role of higher education plays a key part in the development of lifelong learning However, Jackson et al (2011:5) argues that in western societies women continue to be limited to their choices of learning when returning to education as â€Å"the gendered nature of the hidden curriculum [†¦] restrict women’s access† to many courses. This in turn can create difficulties for women who are interested in following a particular career path. Nonetheless, for mature women lifelong learning can be a source of empowerment and emancipation (Bhattachra, 2014). Therefore, â€Å"education is seen as empowering, in that it opens up employment opportunities and is a vehicle for the development of the self.† (Baxter and Britton, 2001:87). Upon commencing on this journey of self-discovery, O’ Shea and Stone (2011) would note that as mature students, women may harbour feelings of self-doubt and hesitation. In trying to play the role of the student, O’Shea’s (2014) study found that mature women encounter many anxieties where they feel like ‘imposters’ in a higher education institute after having been absent from education for such a long time. According to O’Donnell and Tobbell (2007) many adult students in general, regardless of their gender, feel vulnerable because they lack experience in formal education and also because they have additional pressures outside of education to contend with, such as family responsibilities. From the scoping review of the literature above there is a clear demonstrable opportunity for research on mature women that return to education after a significant gap. Therefore, this dissertation aims to explore how non-traditional mature women manage their student role along with the multitude of other responsibilities that they shoulder. Within the framework of this study, this dissertation will also examine the emotional journey of mature women from the transition of ‘expected’ roles to the enablement of participation in life-long learning and personal capacity building. Coming from a feminist perspective the social specific issues which will be addressed include the empowerment, inequality and oppression of women with children or other caring responsibilities.

The Debate Over Internet Censorship Essay -- Television Media TV Censo

The Debate Over Internet Censorship Many people believe the Internet has become the World’s Emancipation Proclamation. They believe that this newfound cyber-freedom will free countless generations of people. These people will be of every race, creed and color, whose lives, up until now, have been restrained by the paradigm of governments. Whether it is the United States Government, or the government of a foreign nation, the Internet will be our new Underground Railroad of cyberspace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recently, the World Wide Web has come under fire from various forms of censorship. Singapore has been a giant of aggressiveness in regard to censorship and technology. But even with Singapore’s relentless efforts for control of the World Wide Web, the public still seeks to stay informed on every issue that concerns mankind. â€Å"As a new technology the Internet defies censorship because of characteristics such as information explosion, de-massification, convergence, computer culture, and globalization† (Kolko 424).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But is this newfound freedom man’s salvation, or the Plagues of Egypt? â€Å"Almost anything is allowed on the Internet as long as it does not violate the laws of the country in which the originator resides. But even if the law of the land is broken, it is nearly impossible to enforce criminal laws out of that country’s borders† (Kolko 426). As we move from our â€Å"own little world† of existence to a limitless arena of information in cyber space, at what cost does this newfound freedom come?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All countries, like most everything else, have evolved to their ideas, beliefs and laws, primarily based on uncontrollable circumstances. Massive mistakes, holocausts of Biblical proportions, financi... ...ce and above all— warranty (10 years or 100,000 miles—5 years or 60,000 miles, bumper to bumper). Now that is competition!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, it is my belief that there is a bright future for Singapore and every other country that allows the freedom of choice for their people. After all it is the people that make a nation, not the governing-few. The governing-few work for us, we do not work for them. And in reality, that is not only true for countries, but states, cities, companies, and industries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is my hope that Singapore will continue to prosper (at least until my warranty runs out), and that all of us can learn to agree to disagree about censorship on the Internet. We may not like what we see or hear, but we should hold in highest regard the rights of everyone to be allowed the privilege to decide for their self.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Relationship Between Pressure Groups and the News Media :: The Mass Media and Environmental Issues

Nowadays, it is comprehensible to hear that crowded citizens flourished on the street or gathered in front of the official government in order to advocacy their appeals towards government or pressing the ‘sluggish’ government. These phenomenons could be identified by social activities lead by pressure group and as the forms of expressing public opinion ( Grant, 1999:4). However, news media also reveals similar functions with pressure groups by attracting public attention and raising public awareness on certain issues, even influencing government’s decision on a great extent. This essay will mainly focus on analysising how pressure groups successfully utilize and affect news media in terms of enhancing the public attention to their campaigns which accompany with a few negative examples of pressure groups about misues news media. Besides, this essay will critically argue about the relationship between pressure groups and news media; some techniques exerted by pressure groups in media area and how news media reacted to pressure groups. There are several types of pressure groups existing in current society which they possess different values and aims. In details, causes groups may eager to set up certain debates in political agenda and expected to receive effectual political action (Grant, 2000, P126); sectional groups might need to attract public attention to their problems but sometimes they prevent public attention in order to conducted via au fait consultative channels (Grant, 2000, P126); interest groups which easily to understand in its literal meanings used to upgrade their interest in political agenda by utilizing media (Grant, 2000, P127). Therefore, certain pressure groups require higher level of media assistance compared with others. Furthermore, despite of pressure groups relate to political agenda, environmental groups have established long-history relationship with news media that could be identified by large amount of environmental articles in media coverage (Hansen, 1993, P5). In details, mo st well-known environmental groups employed rich experience staff; those workers involved in making environmental news before or providing environmental information to journalists that will guarantee their campaign issues are similar or familiar with favourable news coverage (Hansen, 1993, P5). However, environmental groups are taken significant advantages in news coverage compared with other pressure groups due to the environmental news are more mediagenic and equivalent to news criteria (Hansen, 1993, P5). Despite of the pressure groups require news media at a variety level, different form of news media might present diverse effects depends on its functions and targeted audiences.

A Comparison of George Orwells Totalitarian World of 1984 and America

Orwell's Totalitarian World of 1984 is America in 2004 Orwell's allegorical critique of Stalinism in 1984 is often used in capitalist nations as a poignant literary attack on Communism and other collectivist economic and political systems. The argument often follows the lines of "This is socialism, and as you can see, it doesn't work and just leads to oppression. We're in a nice capitalist democracy, therefore we are better off." But is that conclusion the truth? Orwell didn't just intend 1984 as an attack on communism or socialism; instead it is both an attack and a rather prophetic warning against any authoritarian structure, including the authoritarian structure of capitalist democracies. Often we do not equate "democracy" with totalitarianism, but thanks to the manipulation of language, we can have both "democracy" and a corrupt and oppressive regime simultaneously. How? Through the wonders of Orwell's newspeak and doublethink. This is not newspeak exactly as Orwell portrayed it (a open attempt at centralized modification of language), but more in the form of what Orwell warned about in his essay Language and Politics. The subtle debasing of words has allowed the powerful in democratic nations to successfully install a system which is blatantly counter-democratic in its behavior and yet is masked by twisted language. "Democracy" means, to many Americans, a system in which they choose their own leaders, voice their opinions to representatives in government, and human rights and freedoms are respected by the state. But in practice, "democracy," when applied abroad by the United States, means subjugating native peoples to the will of American corporations, and in the process, the destruction... ...s ideas of Newspeak and doublethink. Those who think America is far from the totalitarian world of 1984 are actually dead wrong. It is 1984 today in many respects; the only difference is that the leaders have done a much better job of covering up their wrongdoing. It could be said that Orwell was the prophet and Chomsky is the messiah of our current "democratic" state. Works Cited Chomsky, Noam. Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order. New York: Seven Stories Press, 1999. Chomsky, Noam. The Chomsky Trilogy (The Prosperous Few And the Restless Many (1994), Secrets, Lies and Democracy (1994), and What Uncle Sam Really Wants (1992) ). Tucson, AZ: Odonian Press/Seven Stories Press, 1999. (available in e-text from the Noam Chomsky Archive: http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/index.cfm) Orwell, George. 1984. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1949.

Orange and Bronze Main Problem

Development of online android application market for Orange and Bronze Main Problem: a. The company has no testing site or centralized point of for their applications software products. Specific Problems: a. Many software products are non-marketable b. Limited number of their software products viewed in the public Causes of the Problems: a. Other countries have different speculations of software products because of their culture b.Almost all of their software products is for their big clients such as accenture, advance, Aeon, Allied Telesis, Technologies so hey don't give the overview of their products because of security purposes and copyrighted. c. Effects of the Problems: a. More software products will be wasted b. Loss of clients. General Subject Area: Application of Mobile Technology in the field of Business II. Specific Topic: The OBAAM is an Philippine android online application that enables the user to download and browse mobile application.It also helps the Application devel oper to publish their own application for testing Ill. Definition of the Topic: A. Importance and Significance The purpose of this study is to have an efficient, reliable, and functioning entralized distributor of software product of the company that can be viewed and download in public. This study aims to present solution to the development ot system that will help the company to upload their apps (made by their Junior programmer) for testing. It also helps other developer's idea not to be wasted.This research project allows us gain information for the development of a system. It also help us for our future career. Through this research, we will already have a peek in what we will do in the future. B. Manageability: (Scope and Limitations) Is the research topic within your capability? What: Descriptions and types The OBAAM is an online Android application that will help the company to test their software products. Feedbacks from the user of the software will help the company for fu rther improvements of the software.Who: users and beneficiaries Through this proposed system, the user could easily find company's android apps even those unusual apps that can only be downloaded in the Philippines. The users will be benefitted by having feedback messages that will be the basis on improving the said system Where: users and applications To use the said system, the user will require android devices. When: historical background The company focuses in providing software services and software products on many big clients so lots of their software products cannot be viewed or download.Why: importance and relevance The system will help the client, user and the company interact providing their different needs. The system will distribute the software products made by the company and benefit both company and user How: process, functions and operations The processes include browsing and downloading of new software apps, uploading apps ,writing suggestions or bugs in forums and C. Availabili y ot Resources: (Sources ot Intormation) Where do you intend to get the information? Primary Data: Thesis and Dissertation Secondary Data: Internet Others: Journals, Articles D.Expected Output/ObJectives A system passed the following evaluation in terms of efficiency, reliability, functionality and maintainability. It will help the company to test their software, user to find unusual mobile android apps and save ideas in terms of marketability. General Objective: A designed and developed system and that will the evaluation in terms of functionality, reliability, and maintainability. The system is a apable of reporting bugs. The report or feedback will come from the users via forums.Specific Objectives: The proposed system will help the company to increase the number of software products viewed in public that will lead to increasing number of their client. The system will be the container of software products in which it will make the unusual software products marketab le so many ideas will not be wasted. University of Makati J. P. Rizal Ext. West Rembo, Makati City College of Computer Science Name: Canizares, Francis Joseph Diamante Garcia, Catherine Echipare Reyes, Edgar Peralta Program: Bachelor ot Science in Intormation Technology Major in Service Management TOPIC PRESENTATION Topic No. l. General Subject Area II. Specific Topic Ill. Specific of Research a. Background of the Study Orange and Bronze was founded in July 2005 by Calen Martin Legaspi and Renato â€Å"Butch† Landingin. Calen Legaspi says that they â€Å"wanted to establish a technology- oriented company that Filipinos can be proud of†¦ we would also want to contribute to global programming standards, create new technologies and be with the same level together with globally-respected companies like Google, Microsoft and BoostPro. The company started as a two-man consulting firm doing software training for local software companies.Their clients eventually hired them as s oftware consultants, before the company ventured into offshore software development projects. This led to partnerships with Google, Springsource and Pentaho. Orange & Bronze Software Labs Inc. (O&B) is a privately-owned computer software development company based in the Philippines. The company delivers software consulting, product engineering, and IT training services with a focus on Java technology. Their mantra is to successfully create software and provide technology olutions that work. b. Research Description i.General Objectives To develop an Application Market that will serve as a centralized contact point and distributor of apps for Android Devices Specitlc O 1 . Evaluate the system in terms of functionality, reliability, efficiency and maintainability 2. Develop the system designed 3. Provision of secure payment mechanisms 4. Avoidance of Downtime ill. Scope and Limitations This study is limited to browsing, downloading of Android apps for user, choosing of application type and publishing of application for Developer The OBAAM will only work whenever there is an internet connection.

Alibaba Case Study Essay

1.Lock-in effect is the phenomenon whereby technologies remain dominant as a result of large sunk investment costs, complimentary technologies, and widespread usage. Since Alibaba.com is the first portal market mover in China, it will be difficult to create another portal market which is just as successful as Alibaba.com. The lock-in effect causes people to have preference for Alibaba.com than any other portal market because they have already established their brand. Some customers also develop loyalty while other prefer brands that are familiar to them. It was also mentioned that many of Alibaba.com’s registered members are happy with the results they obtain, as indicated by the annual membership renewal rate, which exceeds 70%. This just further proves that it will be very difficult for a second mover or a new portal market to compete with Alibaba.com since they provide excellent service to their customers. 2.Alibaba.com charges foreign sellers an annual fee of about $400 for a TrustPass membership because he sees that global companies focus in doing business with large companies. In order for global companies to do business with SMB’s in China and all over the world, Alibaba.com created an affordable deal which is the annual fee of $400 for a TrustPass membership. However, SMB’s in China pay $8000 as their annual membership fee because by being members of Alibaba.com, these SMB’ save a handful amount of money; by being registered to Alibaba.com, they no longer need spend extensive money to travel and meet with suppliers. This fee is also charged because Alibaba.com translates and lists their information. In summary, Jack Ma charges SMB’s a higher price because companies like these needs Alibaba.com. However, it is Alibaba.com that needs the foreign companies in order to work with SMB’s that are pursuing to do business internationally.

LANGUAGE FOCUS: THE VOCABULARY SHIFT

LANGUAGE FOCUS: THE VOCABULARY SHIFT A distinctive feature of academic writing style is choosing the more formal alternative when selecting a verb, noun, or other part of speech. Verbs English often has two (or more) choices to express an action or occurrence. The choice is often between a phrasal or prepositional verb (verb + preposition) and a single verb, the latter with Latinate origins. Often in lectures and other instances of everyday spoken English, the verb + preposition is used; however, for written academic style, the preferred choice is a single verb wherever possible.This is one of the most dramatic stylistic shifts from informal to formal style. Researchers looked at the way strain builds up around a fault. (less formal style) Researchers observed the way strain accumulates around a fault. (academic style) Choose a verb from the list that reduces the informality of each sentence. Note that you may need to add tense to the verb from the list. assist reduce create investig ate raise establish increase determine fluctuate eliminate 1. Expert Systems can help out the user in the diagnosis of problems. . This program was set up to improve access to medical care. 3. Research expenditures have gone up to nearly $350 million. 4. The use of optical character readers (OCRs) should cut down the number of problems with the U. S. mail service. 5. Researchers have found out that this drug has serious side effects. 6. Building a nuclear power plant will not get rid of the energy problem completely. 7. Researchers have been looking into this problem for 15 years now. 8. This issue was brought up during the investigation. 9. Engineers can come up with better designs using CAD. 10.The emission levels have been going up and down. Reduce the informality of each sentence by substituting a single verb for the one in italics. 1. The implementation of computer-integrated-manufacturing (CIM) has brought about some serious problems. 2. The process should be done over until t he desired results are achieved. 3. Plans are being made to come up with a database containing detailed environmental information for the region. 4. Subtle changes in the earth's crust were picked up by these new devices. 5. Proposals to construct new nuclear reactors have met with great resistance from environmentalists.Nouns and Other Parts of Speech English has a very rich vocabulary derived from many languages. Because of this, there may be more than one way to express an idea. You should strive to choose words that are less informal in nature and also precise. In lectures, you will likely heartless formal speech; however, in writing you should use a more formal form if one exists. Which of the underlined words would be more suitable for an academic paper? 1. The government has made good I considerable progress in solving environmental problems. 2. We got I obtained encouraging results. . The results of a lot of I numerous different projects have been pretty good I encouraging. 4. A loss of jobs is one of the things that will happen I consequences if the process is automated. Supply a more academic word or phrase for the one underlined in each sentence. 5. The reaction of the officials was sort of negative. 6. The economic outlook is mighty nice. 7. The future of Federal funding is up in the air. 8. America's major automakers are planning to get together on the research needed for more fuel efficient cars.Language Focus: Formal Grammar and Style The followings are some nonvocabulary-related recommendations for maintaining a formal academic writing style. 1. Avoid contractions. Export figures won't improve until the economy is stronger. > Export figures will not improve until the economy is stronger. 2. Use the more appropriate formal negative forms. not . . . any —; no not. . . much —; little not . . . many —; few The analysis didn't yield any new results. —> The analysis yielded no new results. The government didn't allocate mu ch funding for the program. ; The government allocated little funding for the program. This problem doesn't have many viable solutions. —>This problem has few viable solutions. 3. Limit the use of â€Å"run on† expressions, such as â€Å"and so forth† and â€Å"etc. † These semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, etc. —> These semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, and other electronic devices. 4. Avoid addressing the reader as â€Å"you† (except, of course, if you are writing a textbook). You can see the results in Table 1. - » The results can be seen in Table 1. . Limit the use of direct questions. What can be done to lower costs? —> We now need to consider what can be done to lower costs, or We now need to consider how costs may be lowered. 6. Place adverbs within the verb. Adverbs often are placed midposition rather than in the initial or final positions. In informal English, adverbs often occur as clauses a t the beginning or end of sentences. Then the solution can be discarded. —* The solution can then be discarded. The blood is withdrawn slowly. —* The blood is slowly withdrawn. LANGUAGE FOCUS: THE VOCABULARY SHIFT LANGUAGE FOCUS: THE VOCABULARY SHIFT A distinctive feature of academic writing style is choosing the more formal alternative when selecting a verb, noun, or other part of speech. Verbs English often has two (or more) choices to express an action or occurrence. The choice is often between a phrasal or prepositional verb (verb + preposition) and a single verb, the latter with Latinate origins. Often in lectures and other instances of everyday spoken English, the verb + preposition is used; however, for written academic style, the preferred choice is a single verb wherever possible.This is one of the most dramatic stylistic shifts from informal to formal style. Researchers looked at the way strain builds up around a fault. (less formal style) Researchers observed the way strain accumulates around a fault. (academic style) Choose a verb from the list that reduces the informality of each sentence. Note that you may need to add tense to the verb from the list. assist reduce create investig ate raise establish increase determine fluctuate eliminate 1. Expert Systems can help out the user in the diagnosis of problems. . This program was set up to improve access to medical care. 3. Research expenditures have gone up to nearly $350 million. 4. The use of optical character readers (OCRs) should cut down the number of problems with the U. S. mail service. 5. Researchers have found out that this drug has serious side effects. 6. Building a nuclear power plant will not get rid of the energy problem completely. 7. Researchers have been looking into this problem for 15 years now. 8. This issue was brought up during the investigation. 9. Engineers can come up with better designs using CAD. 10.The emission levels have been going up and down. Reduce the informality of each sentence by substituting a single verb for the one in italics. 1. The implementation of computer-integrated-manufacturing (CIM) has brought about some serious problems. 2. The process should be done over until t he desired results are achieved. 3. Plans are being made to come up with a database containing detailed environmental information for the region. 4. Subtle changes in the earth's crust were picked up by these new devices. 5. Proposals to construct new nuclear reactors have met with great resistance from environmentalists.Nouns and Other Parts of Speech English has a very rich vocabulary derived from many languages. Because of this, there may be more than one way to express an idea. You should strive to choose words that are less informal in nature and also precise. In lectures, you will likely heartless formal speech; however, in writing you should use a more formal form if one exists. Which of the underlined words would be more suitable for an academic paper? 1. The government has made good I considerable progress in solving environmental problems. 2. We got I obtained encouraging results. . The results of a lot of I numerous different projects have been pretty good I encouraging. 4. A loss of jobs is one of the things that will happen I consequences if the process is automated. Supply a more academic word or phrase for the one underlined in each sentence. 5. The reaction of the officials was sort of negative. 6. The economic outlook is mighty nice. 7. The future of Federal funding is up in the air. 8. America's major automakers are planning to get together on the research needed for more fuel efficient cars.Language Focus: Formal Grammar and Style The followings are some nonvocabulary-related recommendations for maintaining a formal academic writing style. 1. Avoid contractions. Export figures won't improve until the economy is stronger. > Export figures will not improve until the economy is stronger. 2. Use the more appropriate formal negative forms. not . . . any —; no not. . . much —; little not . . . many —; few The analysis didn't yield any new results. —> The analysis yielded no new results. The government didn't allocate mu ch funding for the program. ; The government allocated little funding for the program. This problem doesn't have many viable solutions. —>This problem has few viable solutions. 3. Limit the use of â€Å"run on† expressions, such as â€Å"and so forth† and â€Å"etc. † These semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, etc. —> These semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, and other electronic devices. 4. Avoid addressing the reader as â€Å"you† (except, of course, if you are writing a textbook). You can see the results in Table 1. - » The results can be seen in Table 1. . Limit the use of direct questions. What can be done to lower costs? —> We now need to consider what can be done to lower costs, or We now need to consider how costs may be lowered. 6. Place adverbs within the verb. Adverbs often are placed midposition rather than in the initial or final positions. In informal English, adverbs often occur as clauses a t the beginning or end of sentences. Then the solution can be discarded. —* The solution can then be discarded. The blood is withdrawn slowly. —* The blood is slowly withdrawn.